• Scout adds a clever twist to the shedding game formula, supports 3-5 players and thanks to tokens you don’t need to write anything down. But you could also just play individual hands without scoring (which I assume you’re doing in rummikub)
• eXplorers is a 20 minutes, 1-4 players, flip and write exploration game. If you don’t mind the waste and would prefer a faster setup you could print a specific arrangement on normal paper and just hand those sheets out.
• if noise isn’t an issue Ligretto Dice is a quick hoot for up to 4 players. You would need something to score unless you just play individual rounds which each will have a winner.
• Pickomino is a staple filler in our group. Funny push your luck Yhatzee style game.
• Cheating Moth would again be one that could be played in individual hands. Another shedding game but cheating is officially allowed! Getting caught is what gets you into trouble
• In a bind / yogi is a card based dexterity game for pretty much any number of players. you draw a card and follow a instruction like “one finger touching neck” or “hands touching”. Anyone who stops following even just one of their instructions is out. Last man standing wins.

I’m thinking games like Exploding Kittens or Fluxx. Neither requires lots of explanation and is easy to set up. For Fluxx it is even possible to join in the middle of a round, just grab three cards and look at the current rules.

Another option is The Crew, if you limit yourself to simple missions.

Love Letter. A very quick game with just 13 cards. Games take about 3 minutes so you can play multiple rounds if you want. Suits 2-6 players (best at max 4 in my experience). Generally very popular and easy to learn.

Comes in dozens of themes as well, if you don’t like the “princess in a castle” theme. You can find Batman, Cuthulu, The Hobbit, versions depending on your preference.

Nimm 6! Works great with random people. Tuto and its variants are fun as well. Kinda depends on the amount of players tho. I think that the bang dice game is fun, but more difficult. Someone on there recommend me Knucklebones.org the KutL mini game.

Honorary mention goes to Cockroach Poker. Easy and very fun. Great to learn who’s around you as well

I’ve had great success with LLAMA. It’s very easy to learn, quick to play, works well with 3 to 6 players, and has a lot of luck but there’s also some strategy to it

Have a look at Qwixx perhaps.

I like bandido a lot. Very very simple

Las Vegas or it’s (modified) rerelease Las Vegas Royals by Rüdiger Dorn.

Splendor by Marc André

the card game “set”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(card_game)

I’ve had a lot of success with Mantis. Very easy to learn and just watching a few turns is enough for someone to understand how to play. It’s cutthroat enough that keeps players engaged, and a good balance of skill and luck so that anyone can win. Rounds only last about 5-10 minutes depending on how fast turns are taken. The components is just a deck of cards, but does need some table space to spread different cards out so everyone can see

I once saw Spaceteam. It’s a co-op game in an app, and I’d be really down to playing this with people but I never got to it. It seems like pure chaos, but a lot of fun.

Android: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.sleepingbeastgames.spaceteam

Most recently my friends (and colleauges) have found No Thanks to be the game for short, but huge fun :)

Carcassonne can be pretty breezy, especially if you play without the field scoring, it can also be cutthroat if you want. Point Salad, 6 Nimmt, and Sushi Go are good light filler card games that are easy to teach to people who have never played games before. Qwirkle is another option, it’s like Scrabble but can be taught to a 5 year old.